This Year It's All About Trust
The monthly flyer from my neighborhood hardware store arrived in my mailbox. (Yes a real physical mailbox). The headline: "This year, it's all about trust." Trust is a word that seems to be turning up more and more, in often unexpected places - like this flyer. But the discussion of trust is permeating the big issues. Trust in politics. Trust in business. Trust in product or medical information. Trust in the "experts" and talking heads on the evening news. Trust in everything you read online. Trust in the folks populating various social networks ... And sometimes, more appropriately, the lack of trust and that sinking feeling of things you just can't quite prove are wrong.
The need for trust is universal and arises from our human interdependence. We often rely on others (individuals, groups, brands or institutions) to help us obtain, or at least not to frustrate, the outcomes we value (and they depend back on us as well). Trust allows actions to occur that otherwise would not have been possible because of currently incomplete information or an unwillingness to give resources now for an unguaranteed result in the future.
There are a lot of angles I’d like to explore when it comes to trust, but the area of greatest interest to me currently has to do with Trust and Media, how trust is obtained, and the possibility for the migration of online trust and talent to other media platforms.
In this post, I’d like to explore these questions:
1. Trust and Influence: How important is trust when it comes to being able to influence behavior and decisions?
2. Earning and Maintaining Trust: How do brands (companies/collections) or people (individuals) become trusted? What do they do to maintain that trust, and once obtained is it theirs to loose?
3. Trust in the Digital vs. Real World: Is building trust in digital media space different than building it in the real or broadcast worlds?
4. Exporting Trust Across Media and Communities: Can a "trust metric" developed in one digital space be "exported" into other media areas, like TV? (or visa versa) - thus making one a potential talent development source for the other.
(Before jumping into these questions, it’s good to have a baseline understanding of what is meant by “Trust” covered in the next section. However, if you want to jump head first into the meat of the discussion, you can skip that and go right to the section header “Trust and Influence.”)
What Is Trust? – The Etymological Foundations
It’s interesting that the etymological origins of the word “trust” share many commonalities with the word “truth” (“faithful, accuracy, correctness”), and go back, in part, to the 13 century Old Norse word “traust” meaning “help, confidence.” That makes sense given an understanding of trust as a measure of belief in the honesty, benevolence and competence of another party; and a predictor of the reliability of future action, based only on what one party currently knows about the other. Trust is a statement of faith about what is otherwise unknown because it is currently unverifiable or the results exist in the future. Because of that, it is a powerful attribute for an individual or a brand, and a prerequisite for real “credibility” and “the ability to influence.”
(1) Trust and Influence
Conventional wisdom would say that trust and influence are inextricably linked, but let’s look at some numbers so it’s not just my opinion. From PR firm Edelman’s Trust Barometer the data affirm that trust affects/influences consumer actions/spending and overall reputation.
People act based on trust.
91% of 25-to-64-year-olds around the world indicated they bought a product or service from a company they trusted
77% refused to buy a product or service from a distrusted company
People listen to and believe those who have earned their trust over time.
59% of 35-to- 64-year-olds saying an academic or expert on a company’s industry or issues would be extremely or very credible
17% of 35-to-64-year-olds indicated they would trust information from a high profile CEO (a six-year low)
People need time and continuous conversation to build trust, not one-time edicts or proclamations.
60% of 35-to- 64-year-olds say they need to hear information about a company three to five times before they believe it
(2) Earning and Maintaining Trust
How do brands (companies/collections) or people (individuals) become trusted? What do they do to maintain that trust, and once obtained is it theirs to loose?
Frameworks from the Studies
Where does trust come from? Some would frame trust as a hard wired brain chemistry calculation.
“The moral is that trust is ultimately about the expectation of rewards. Trust may be an admirable social trait, but it's ultimately rooted in a greedy calculation, emanating from our primal dopamine reward circuitry…”
- Jonah Lehrer in “Trust: The Frontal Cortex” July 7 2009
This definition of trust as “biology plus calculus” is part of the answer; but the “heart” of the definition can be found in the literature of conflict resolution theory where “real world” trust in another is grounded in the evaluation of their ability and integrity (early in the relationship) and benevolence (over the longer term).
Ability: Defined by knowledge and competency. The more one has of these, the more likely a trust level is to grow.
Integrity: Defined by adherence to principles that are essential to the “trustor.” This is demonstrated by consistency over a period of time accompanied by the alignment of word and deed.
Benevolence: Defined by observation of the others concern of our welfare (or at least that they won’t work against it). Open communications and shared control are the key indicating behaviors.
Additionally, trust is not a final destination. Trust is a continuum of stages and levels, and over time, behaviors and levels of resiliency change.
Early “congnitively” (ability + integrity) driven stages of trust are framed by a need for predictability and reliability. Trust is built at this stage by demonstrating:
Competent performance
Predictable and consistent behavior
Accurate and open communication
Shared and delegated control
Mutual concern
At later stages along the trust continuum, when mutual identification has occurred, and benevolence is forming via the parties “internalizing” each other’s desires and intentions, trust is further solidified through:
Common identity (we vs. me)
Co-location (sharing the same space)
Joint goals and product creation (make and contribute to things that define commonality)
Shared values and emotions (recognizing contributions and demonstrating confidence)
Trust in the World of Media
Given these models of trust-building, how do we see trust built in the media world - for individuals as well as business entities? Some thoughts and examples follow.
Walter Cronkite: During the heyday of CBS News in the 1970s and 1980s he was often cited in opinion polls as "the most trusted man in America.” But he did not come on the scene as “trusted.” He had to earn it, obviously in a less fragmented media world than today. Nonetheless, he built trust over decades of work beginning with reporting from WW II, constantly displaying ability and integrity (early stage trust builders). One might say with the Kennedy assassination announcement and later with the moon landing, that he entered the more advanced stage of trust (benevolence) fueled by the common identity with the American people he displayed on camera and the clear sharing of values, emotions and experiences. Given the lack of media competition that existed during the prime of his career, and the longevity of his career, it is doubtful that this trust level could be duplicated again.
Oprah Winfrey: Oprah Winfrey is often cited as one of the most trusted Lighthouse Brands that is also a Market Leader in Media. Like Cronkite, she has built her trust quotient over time (The Oprah Winfrey Show has more than a 20 year history) by demonstrating ability and integrity (early phase trust), and also reaching the more advanced solidified trust levels (benevolence) with her audience though a mutual identification against a variety of:
“…monsters she sees threatening her chosen community … notably domestic violence, child abuse, and weight loss and self-esteem issues among women. Oprah is not a Goliath, both because she is smaller and visibly vulnerable to these larger monsters in the eyes of her community, and also because she uses all her strength and size to fight them on her community’s behalf. And her community eternally loves her for it. ”
- (Eating the Big Fish p. 301)
Separated by generations, Oprah and Cronkite are alike in the depth of their advanced trust level with their particular audiences, in large part because of their ability to express vulnerability (shared emotion) while at the same time exuding competence and connection. Cronkite tearing up over Kennedy and expressing amazement and wonder at the lunar landing; Oprah sharing personal struggles over her weight, causes, and friendships.
Jon Stewart: An August 2008 New York Times story asked: "Is Jon Stewart the most trusted man in America?” and a July 2009 Time Magazine Poll answered “Yes” with 44% choosing him as “America’s most trusted newscaster” in the post Cronkite era. His period of trust building is half that of Oprah’s (hosting The Daily Show on Comedy Central since 1999) and perhaps one quarter of Cronkite’s years (between the 1930s-1970s), but he has had the accelerant of the digital space. And it’s tough to measure comparable size of “trusted influence” for all three from various combos of TV and Web audience numbers. It’s also interesting that in this particular time period, Stewart is the most trusted man who has built a persona of not trusting anyone. (And for that, we trust him even more.) Still, in his shows he consistently exhibits the trust building characteristics of ability, integrity and his own brand of benevolence (to his audience/community, not necessarily to his interviewees).
CNN: CNN has a slogan: “The Most Trusted Name in News." They gave it to themselves; no one “conferred” it on them as in the case of Cronkite. As an organization, I can’t say that they pass the trust sniff test. There are a lot of things I personally like about CNN, but the sometimes constant droning repetition by some of their news personalities of their various catch phrases such as “the best political team on television” serves to dilute not only any truth metric earned by the enterprise, but that of deserving individual members. You can’t claim trust, you have to earn it from others.
(3) Trust in Digital vs Real World
Is building trust in digital media space different than building it in the real or broadcast worlds?
Participation in digital world communities and platforms can accelerate the speed and reach of the trust metric, but the underlying human reasons for earning (and maintaining) trust are the same: ability, integrity and benevolence. While the Web speeds breaking stories and content memes around the world, it can also provide equal acceleration to mistakes and humiliation. Self, as well as group, correction then have to follow with equal speed.
One of the mistakes that many make in terms of trust and digital space is that just because messages can be sent instantaneously, that trust can be developed and exploited just as fast. Not true – this violates the human side of trust development and the nature of the trust continuum. Just as in the physical world, in digital space, you need to create significant shared value before you ever ask for any of it back.
“Consider it (trust building) tending a farm of potential versus hunting for the short term ... in this wired world of digital communities and deep long-tailed niches, humanity over IP is the protocol…” - Chris Brogan and Julien Smith in the eBook “Trust Economies.”
(4) Exporting Trust Across Media and Communities
Can a "trust metric" developed in one digital space be "exported" into other media areas, like TV? (or visa versa) - thus making one a potential talent development source for the other.
I propose that trust is more defined by the relevant community/audience than the particular media platform. If the community is engaged across multiple media platforms, trust and the person who has earned it has the potential to transfer across them (other economic and access barriers not withstanding). There aren’t a lot of examples yet in terms of trust + personality transfer. And it’s unclear to me yet if that’s a result of many online trust building tools and communities are still relatively “young” OR if the barriers of “old media” at this time neglect the trust quotient from other media, even if it would be to their own benefit. More exploration on this later, but for now, two examples: Some examples of online to TV trust/personality migration:
Ana Marie Cox (@anamariecox): Started in the blogosphere at places such as Wonkette; became known for her interesting and personally very transparent fundraising activities while covering McCain in the 2008 election. Now Air America’s national correspondent and a frequent guest and fill-in host on The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC.
Joan Walsh of Salon.com (@joanwalsh): Editor at Salon.com and now a frequent knowledgeable commentator on both Hardball and The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC. She cites as important in maintaining trust and credibility across: “A record of accuracy in what’s important, regardless of what you’re doing; correcting mistakes when you make them … and not speaking outside your area of expertise.” Her view of online media: “It's built with attention to accuracy, with mechanisms for rapid self-correction as well as dialogue with audience.” Seems to me that’s a pretty clear alignment with the ability, integrity and benevolence (audience dialogue) measures of the trust equation.
Trust Lessons
Trust is not a luxury; nor is it something that can be immediately purchased. Earned over time based on specific demonstrated behaviors that, at a basic level, are the same in the real world as in the digital world – ability, integrity and benevolence – it is the currency that enables influence and attention acquisition in a time starved world. And that’s very valuable stuff in the world of media. It will be interesting to see if the growing trust building and distribution platforms in digital space will find the cracks in the walls surrounding traditional media to enable more breakthroughs of talent and opinion. Seems like fertile ground to me. Media companies and trust agents, what do you think?